One set consisted of the tonal alarms specified in the standard. A second set consisted of a set of abstract alarms randomly selected from a database of abstract alarm sounds held by the authors. A third set of alarms was designed as indirect metaphors of the functions.
The authors in this study presented the participants with the alarms and then asked to identify them across ten blocks of eight trials.
The results indicated a significant difference in learnability across the three sets of alarms. The indirect metaphors were learned significantly better than both other sets of alarms, and the randomly selected abstract alarms were learned significantly better than the alarms specified in the standard. The results suggest therefore that there are more readily learnable possible designs than those proposed in the standard. The use of auditory icons in particular should be given serious consideration as potential alarms for this application.
Edworthy, J., Page, R., Hibbard, A., Kyle, S., Ratnage, P., & Claydon, S. (2014). Learning three sets of alarms for the same medical functions: A perspective on the difficulty of learning alarms specified in an international standard. Applied Ergonomics, 45(5), 1291-1296.